ABSTRACT
Advances in the medical field and healthcare sector during the last few decades have resulted in increased longevity. Increased lifespans have in turn led to a rapid global rise of the elderly population. However, ensuring the health and quality of life, especially in the context of chronic age-related ailments, among the growing geriatric population is a challenge. Ageing is associated with several changes in body composition including a decline in the lean body mass usually accompanied by an increase in body fat content which have a bearing on the nutrient requirements for the elderly. The nutrient requirements currently recommended for Indian adults are primarily computed using a factorial approach, that considers the cumulative loss of nutrients and is adjusted for optimal body weights and bioavailability. It is logical that physiological and metabolic changes associated with ageing influence several of these factors: body weight, lean mass, energy expenditure, nutrient retention and bioavailability and thus alter nutrient requirements compared to the adult population. Acknowledging these age-related changes, some international organizations have suggested nutrient requirements specific to the elderly. Given the contextual differences in physiology, caution needs to be exercised in adopting these guidelines for the Indian elderly. In addition, in the Indian context, there is sparse information on the diet and nutrient intakes vis-à-vis nutritional status and physiology of the elderly. This status paper highlights some of the pertinent issues related to nutritional requirements for the elderly that advocate a need for deriving nutritional requirements for the elderly in India
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To compare: (i) prevalences of thinness in schoolchildren by four body mass index references in common use viz., Centre for Disease Control (CDC); Cole; Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP); World Health Organization (WHO); and (ii) relationship of thinness with absence of cardio-metabolic risk factors in these BMI references. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Schools in Delhi. Participants: Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured in 16,245 school children aged 5 to 18 years. Fasting lipids and blood sugar were estimated in 2796 subjects. Outcome measures: Age and sex-specific prevalences of thinness and predictive ability of reference cut-off for detecting any cardio-metabolic risk factor were compared. Results: Prevalence of thinness varied with the reference employed; more so for boys. Overall prevalence of thinness was least with IAP reference and highest with CDC cut-offs (6.6% to 16.9% in boys, 6.5% to 10.3% in girls). Children identified as thin by any reference had comparable, significantly lower risks (OR 0.59 to 0.73) of associated cardio-metabolic aberrations. In subjects with any cardio-metabolic or blood pressure aberration, the prevalence of thinness was highest with CDC and least with IAP definition. Conclusion: Prevalence of thinness varies considerably with the reference employed. Thin children, identified by any reference, have a lower risk of associated cardio-metabolic aberrations; however, thinness is a poor diagnostic test for this purpose. In populations undergoing nutrition transition, there is a need to link cardio-metabolic risk factors with recommended anthropometric criteria to define undernutrition.
ABSTRACT
Context: Tooth avulsion is one of the most serious dental emergencies in children. Often these injuries occur in school and, therefore, the knowledge of schoolteachers regarding the appropriate measures to be taken immediately after tooth avulsion is crucial to good prognosis. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate schoolteachers' knowledge and attitudes regarding immediate management of avulsed teeth in children. Materials and Methods: A total of 177 teachers from seven schools of Garhshankar town, Hoshiarpur District, Punjab, India, formed the sample of the study. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 questions was used to assess the knowledge and attitudes of schoolteachers about tooth avulsion and its management. Statistical Analysis: The chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for analysis. Pair-wise comparison was done using Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test. P≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Markedly low knowledge levels were noted among the schoolteachers. The mean knowledge score was 5 (of a maximum possible score of 10). Only 0.6% of the teachers answered correctly that they would use milk as a transport medium. The number of correct responses was not affected by previous experience with tooth avulsion, sex, educational level, teaching experience, or teacher training. Overall, 85.9% of teachers showed a positive attitude towards this campaign. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding emergency management of dental trauma is poor amongst schoolteachers. Therefore, we suggest that orientation to management of avulsed tooth be part of the teacher training education.